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耶利米書第五十二章

Ⅸ　附錄：耶城的陷落（五十二1-34）

本章既非耶利米的信息，也不是有關他的生平與職事。這是本書的附錄，記述耶路撒冷城陷落的史事。除廿八至三十節外，幾乎與列王紀下廿四章十八節至廿五章三十節相同。本章十至十一節，將列王紀下廿五章七節詳加解釋。廿一至廿三節，也將列王紀下廿五章十七節加以注解。⁵¹⁶至於廿八至三十節，可能有其他的來源，將三次被擄的人數加以記錄。

本書取材於列王紀，也有先例可援，以賽亞書卅六章一節至卅九章八節，取於列王紀下十八章十三節至二十章十九節。在列王紀下十九、二十節特別提說以賽亞。但是耶利米雖引用列王紀下，但列王紀下廿四、廿五章並未提說耶利米。

本章確加添了若干資料。列王紀下廿五章七節：「在西底家眼前殺了他的眾子，並且剜了西底家的眼睛，用銅鍊鎖凓他，帶到巴比倫去。」在本章十至十一節：「巴比倫王在西底家眼前，殺了他的眾子，又在利比拉殺了猶大的一切首領，並且剜了西底家的眼睛，用銅鍊鎖凓他。」在此處想到地名利比拉，又提到猶大的一切首領與他的眾子一起被殺，與耶利米書卅九章六、七節的敘述也極為相同，但在五十二章十一節下加了一句：「將他囚在監裏，直到他死的日子。」

五十二章七至十六節，與卅九章四至十節相同，而後者在七十士譯本晗是省略的。可見其編輯的過程。

五十二章卅一節記述約雅斤被釋，照列王紀下廿四章八節，他在首次被擄的人浛中，那時約在主前597年，他才十八歲。現在他被擄後三十七年，算起來有五十四、五歲。他一直留在巴比倫，「直到他死的日子」。可見本章是在他死後寫的，寫作的時間相當遲了。

廿八至三十節既是本章所附加的，也是最遲寫作的，對史事作一總結，而本章又自成一單元。⁵¹⁷

⁵¹⁶ John Gray, I ＆ II Kings, 1970, 751-754, 773.

⁵¹⁷ 參閱歷史書的資料，Jay A. Wilcoxen, "Narrative", Old Testament Form Criticism, ed. John H. Hayes, 1974, 74-75.

一、城已亡、王被擄（五十二1-16）

本段實際可分為三小段：(1)西底家在位的史事（1-2節）。(2)耶城陷落，王的厄運（4-11節）。(3)耶城眾民之厄運（12-16節）。

第五十二章一至二節　「西底家登基的時候，年二十一歲，在耶路撒冷作王一年。他母親名叫哈慕他，是立拿人耶利米的女兒。西底家行耶和華眼中看為惡的事，是照約雅敬一切所行的。」

在歷史書列王的年代表，不僅記載登基的年歲，以及作王的年數，也提說王的母親。在猶大的王室，一直是大却的後裔，甚至外邦立猶大王，也只有在大却家挑選。西底家是約雅斤的叔父，現在成為傀儡王，仍出身自大却王。母后的身分就十分重要了。西底家的母親為哈慕他，也可音譯為哈米他（Hamital而非Hamtu^l，後者為敘利亞譯本的讀法）。「哈米」可譯為「我的姻親」，即丈夫的父親，「他」（亞蘭文tal）為「避處」，實際用意並不清楚。她的父親是耶利米，當然不是先知耶利米，因為他是立拿人。立拿是濱海平原的沙非拉。⁵¹⁸另外還有一位耶利米，記載在卅五章三節，中文譯為「雅利米雅」，與先知耶利米同名。

西底家行耶和華眼中看為惡的事，通常在歷史書中，必比較先王所行的惡事。所以此處是：「照約雅敬一切所行的。」由於約雅敬為埃及的附庸，而西底家是巴比倫的附庸，二者可以同列在昏君之類別中。

在論猶大王室的惡行，十五章四節提到瑪拿西。神的刑罰不能倖免，此處西底家也必同樣被神棄絕，可參考卅七章一至二節。瑪拿西的惡行禍及約雅敬，而約雅敬的惡行禍及西底家，可參考列王紀下廿四章三節及十九節。

第五十二章三節　「因此，耶和華的怒氣在耶路撒冷和猶大發作，以致將人民從自己的面前趕出。」

耶和華的怒氣已經發作，對象是在耶路撒冷及猶大。這句話的文法結構稍為特別，因為這可有兩種不同的涵義：神的怒氣因耶路撒冷和猶大而發作。或作：神的怒氣使耶路撒冷和猶大情況惡化，即神的怒氣發作之後，他們就受災禍。參考卅二章廿四節，用語類似，那裏的主詞是敵人，而此處是耶和華的怒氣。⁵¹⁹

在神面前趕出，表明不再得凓耶和華的眷顧，神已完全棄絕他們，不再與他們同在。

第五十二章四至六節　「西底家背叛巴比倫王。他作王第九年十月初十日，巴比倫王尼布甲尼撒率領全軍來攻擊耶路撒冷，對城安營，四圍築壘攻城，於是城被圍困，直到西底家王十一年，四月初九日，城裏有大饑荒，甚至百姓都沒有糧食。」

在卅九章一至二節已經敘述，巴比倫軍隊築壘攻城的事，可參考本書六章六節及卅二章廿四節，他們以土堆作防咏，就以橋頭堡的據點向城攻擊。

大饑荒的嚴重情形，在卅七章廿一節也有說明。百姓不僅指城內的，也指四鄉逃來的難民，災情實在可怕。

第五十二章七至十一節　「城被攻破，一切兵丁就在夜間從靠近王園兩城中間的門，出城逃跑。迦勒底人正在四圍攻城，他們就往亞拉巴逃去。迦勒底的軍隊追趕西底家王，在耶利哥的平原追上他，他的全軍都離開他四散了。迦勒底人就拿住王，帶他到哈馬地的利比拉巴比倫王那裏。巴比倫王就審判他。巴比倫王在西底家眼前，殺了他的眾子，又在利比拉殺了猶大的一切首領，並且剜了西底家的眼睛，用銅鍊鎖凓他，帶到巴比倫去，將他囚在監裏，直到他死的日子。」

七至十一節上，已在卅九章四至七節記述了。十一節下，「將他囚在監裏」，在七十士譯本作「磨房」，因為囚犯多關在磨房內推磨操作。推磨原是婦女的工作，所以叫囚犯推磨，是存心羞辱他，好似士師參孫的慘狀一樣（士十六21）。

最近曾有考古發現，在阿比拉（Ebla），有一磨坊，其內有十六座磨，那未必是囚犯工作的地方。但至少可以說明磨坊規模之大，可作參考。⁵²⁰

猶大王約雅斤與西底家同時在被擄之地，但他們的遭遇不同。約雅斤以後得釋。但西底家被囚禁至死，而且瞎眼受苦，極為難堪。

第五十二章十二節　「巴比倫王尼布甲尼撒十九年五月初十日，在巴比倫王面前侍立的護却長尼布撒拉旦進入耶路撒冷。」

這是十九年，但在列王紀下廿五章八節，為十八年。可能後者較為正確。耶路撒冷城陷落，是在主前587年七月，即巴比倫日曆的四月（6節）。一個月之後，護却長尼布撒拉旦才來到耶城，督促毀城的事。

第五十二章十三至十五節　「用火焚燒耶和華的殿和王宮，又焚燒耶路撒冷的房屋，就是各大戶家的房屋。跟從護却長迦勒底的全軍，就拆毀耶路撒冷四圍的城牆。那時護却長尼布撒拉旦將民中最窮的，和城裏所剩下的百姓，並已經投降巴比倫王的人，以及大眾所剩下的人都擄去了。」

這幾節經文，可參考卅九章八、九節。

毀城的事實在非常徹底，將精華的建築物：聖殿、王宮及大戶大家的華屋都焚燬。城牆拆毀，城的用途全都廢除，從此那聖城只成為一個鄉野，沒有保障，不再是京城，國家完全敗亡。

城門除了最窮的人以外全都擄去，剩下的人必更無生計，更加貧窮了。這在卅九章九節有所說明。此處似指所有的人包括最窮的，似與事實不符。但在下一節有一交代，那些最窮的人並未被擄去。

第五十二章十六節　「但護却長尼布撒拉旦留下些民中最窮的，使他們修理葡萄園，耕種田地。」

猶大的精英經兩次擄掠，一次在主前597年，另一次就在主前587年，敗亡的時候，耶城告陷。現在剩下的，是社會中低下階層的人，是民中最窮的。他們需要存活，需要有工作。因為許多葡萄園與田地的主人已經被擄，田園荒廢了，需要雇用工人。

「耕種田地」的用字，似指那些為公家服務的農工。本來有些田地是屬公家的，是那些梯田，從那些田地出產的，常是極好的產品，為出口之用的，有新酒及油，品質良好。⁵²¹

⁵¹⁸ Richard W. Corney, "Librah", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 3, 123.

⁵¹⁹ William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 2, 440.

⁵²⁰ Lorenzo Vigano and Dennis Pardee, "Literary Sources for the History of Palestine and Syria the Ebla Tablets", The Biblical Archaeologists, 47 (1984) 9.

⁵²¹ J.N. Graham, "Vinedressers and Plowman," 2 King's 25:12 and Jeremiah 52:16", The Biblical Archaeologist 47 (1984), 55-58.

二、聖殿被擄掠一空（五十二17-23）

第五十一章十七節　「耶和華殿的銅柱，並殿內的盆座，和銅海，迦勒底人都打碎了，將那銅運到巴比倫去了。」

本節可比較列王紀下廿五章十三節。在所羅門的聖殿裏，共有銅柱兩條，記載在列王紀上七章十五至廿二、四十一、四十二節以及歷代志下三章十五至十七節，四章十二、十三節。這銅柱的功用有兩種說法，可作建築物的支柱，也只作宗教的象徵。⁵²²

銅海是為潔淨用的水盆，在推羅製作，也為所羅門建造聖殿的一項設備（王上七24；王下十六7），相當於會幕中的洗濯盆（出三十18）。在所羅門聖殿中的銅海，面積為七呎半高，直徑十五呎。下面有十二隻銅在四方作為托腳，每一方為三隻。在亞哈斯王的時候，銅牛以石牛替代。但是這偌大的銅盆被巴比倫軍隊掠去。⁵²³由於面積大，所以都打碎了，再運往巴比倫。

第五十二章十八至十九節　「又帶去鍋、鏟子、蠟剪、盤子、銅羹，並所用的一切銅器、杯、火鼎、碗盆、燈臺、調羹、爵，無論金的、銀的，護却長也都帶去了。」

鍋為煮祭肉之用，在一章十三節的用詞相同。鏟子為鏟煤、木柴的灰。在以賽亞書廿八章十七節：「㛦去」，原意為「剷除」，是同一個用字。⁵²⁴

蠟剪也可作叉肉之用，盤子為盛祭牲的血，可參考列王紀下十六章十三節。調羹為盛香之用。⁵²⁵

杯原意為碗，火鼎為鏟煤，碗盆也是為盛祭牲之血，與上節（18節）的盆相同。「燈台」可參考廿五章十節。「爵」的用途不甚清楚，在猶太拉比的解釋，這是為放陳設餅的。⁵²⁶在七十士譯本與拉丁文譯本作「酒杯」，中文譯詞可能依據這譯詞，可能作奠祭之用。⁵²⁷

「金的銀的」，照文法的結構，重複有加重語氣的作用。這些金銀可能是上等的，在此特別提出。

第五十二章二十節　「所羅門為耶和華殿所造的兩根銅柱，一個銅海，並座下的十二隻銅牛，這一切的銅，多得無法可稱。」

此處提及銅牛，但列王紀下廿五章十六節並未提說。事實上，亞哈斯王為向亞述進貢，已經將銅牛除去，以石牛替代。所以一般解經家認為這可能是編者所忽略的。但是銅海與銅柱的銅確實已經不少，多得無法可稱，都被擄去。聖殿可說是完全拆毀了。

第五十二章廿一至廿三節　「這一根柱子高十八肘，厚四指，是空的，圍十二肘，柱上有銅頂，高五肘。銅頂的周圍有網子和石榴，都是銅的。那一根柱子照此一樣，也有石榴，柱子四面有九十六個石榴，在網子周圍，共有一百石榴。」

「肘」通常是指由手臂的彎處量至中指尖，約為半公呎。這銅柱的高度約為九公尺，或三十英呎。周圍十二肘，原意為一根量繩的單位為十二肘，正好是周圍的尺寸。此處提說幅度與周圍，在列王紀下廿五章十七節並未提及。有關周圍的面積，在列王紀上七章十五節有記載。厚度也記載在七十士譯本，列王紀上七章十五節，希臘文為第三節。十二肘為一點九公尺，即六英呎以上。四指應為三英吋左右。

銅頂有五肘，適合銅柱卅肘的高度。而十八肘的高度，可能三肘的銅頂較為合宜，因此經學家對這一點有不同的見解。⁵²⁸

銅頂的周圍有網子，這是類似欄杆的樣式，可參考列王紀下一章二節。

石榴作為裝飾，猶如以弗得的衣袍（出廿八33）。照列王紀上七章二十、四十二節，石榴分作的兩排，每排一百。

銅柱銅海都打碎帶走，但許多用具仍未破壞，擄去後被誤用，如在但以理書五章二至四節。以後也被歸還（代下卅六18；斯一7）。

⁵²² G.A. Barrais, "Pillar", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 3, 815-816.

⁵²³ Joseph L. Mibelic, "Sea, Molten", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4, 253.

⁵²⁴ Josephi L. Mibelic, "Shovel", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 4, 340, "Snuffers", 4, 394.

⁵²⁵ Marcus Jastrow, A Dictionary of the Targumtm, the Talmud Babli and Yerusalmi, and Midrashic Literature, 1903, 657a. Joseph L. Mihelic, "Firepan", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, 2, 270. Lawrence E . Toombs, " Lampstand", The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 3, 64-66.

⁵²⁶ Jastrow, op. cit., 3, 802b.

⁵²⁷ William L. Holladay, Jeremiah 2, 422.

⁵²⁸ Holladay, Jeremiah 2, 442.但大多主張為五肘，參考James A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Kings, 1957, 568, John Gray, I ＆ II Kings, 1970, 768.

三、被擄人數的細表（五十二24-30）

第五十二章廿四至廿五節　「護却長拿住大祭司西萊雅，副祭司西番亞，和三個把門的。又從城中拿住一個管理兵丁的官。並在城裏所遇常見王面的七個人，和檢點國民軍長的書記，以及城裏所遇見的國民六十個人。」

大祭司西萊雅，不是四十章八節的軍事長官，也不是五十一章五十九、六十一節巴錄的兄弟。這位大祭司是希勒家的孫子（代上六13、14）。在約西亞王宗教改革時，聖殿中發現律法書，希勒家便是當時的大祭司。

「把門的」在卅五章四節已經提說，並加解釋。

管理兵丁的官，或作「太監」。「太監」在廿九章一節已有說明。此處是監督軍人的官員。

常見王面的人，是宮廷中的議會，可參考以斯帖記一章十四節，波斯國也有七個大臣，為王的諮詢顧問。

檢點國民軍長的書記，也是軍中的要職。國民六十人大概不是軍人，所以不是戰鬥的軍人也同樣遭殃。

第五十二章廿六至廿七節　「護却長尼布撒拉旦將這些人帶到利比拉巴比倫王那裏。巴比倫王就把他們擊殺在哈馬地的利比拉。這樣，猶大人被擄去離開本地。」

以上提說的七十四人，可能是在宮中留守的，或者他們當時無法逃脫，終於被捕。他們在尼布甲尼撒王盛怒之下，終於在巴勒士坦的巴比倫軍營中被審處死。這樣，巴比倫確已控制整個的局面，亂平之後，被擄的人們到巴比倫去，就結束這場戰爭。

以下再附記被擄之人數，列出一張細表，作為參考，使這歷史的記載告一段落。

第五十二章廿八至三十節　「尼布甲尼撒所擄的民數記在下面：在他第七年擄去猶大人三千零二十三名。尼布甲尼撒十八年，從耶路撒冷擄去八百三十二人，尼布甲尼撒二十三年，護却長尼布撒拉旦擄去猶大人七百四十五名，共有四千六百人。」

這裏是數點被擄的人數。被擄的民與被擄的猶大人是相同的，並無特殊的分別。被擄的日期有三次，第一次是耶路撒冷城首先被巴比倫軍隊圍困而被攻取，為主前598（7）年。第二次為耶城陷落，猶大敗亡，在主前587年。第三次是在主前582年。

第一次被擄，人數為三千零廿三名。在列王紀下廿四章十四節，人數為一萬人，在十六節為八千人。人數的差別原因，有不同的解釋。一萬人可能包括婦女與孩童；除專門技術人員之外，八千人也包括他們的眷屬。但此處三千餘名只是男丁。⁵²⁹另一種解釋是，人數以分批計算，因為擄掠的事不是一次，而是分數次進行。所以第一次被擄中，也分幾次幾批進行。⁵³⁰

第二次被擄是在主前587年，此次記載尼布甲尼撒十八年，但十二節為十九年，也有一年之差別。

第三次被擄是在主前582年，但此處並無清楚的記載，參考四十一章一至三節，可能是為基大利被刺殺的事。但是這事件究竟是在主前587年秋季發生呢？還是四年之後呢？照經文的記載，似乎在敗亡當年的秋天，但是為什麼在四年之後又會有再一次的擄掠？這確是難解的問題，有待繼續的研究。

⁵²⁹ James Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Books of Kings, 1951, 556.

⁵³⁰ Abraham Malamat, "The Twilight of Judah", Congress volume, Edinburgh 1974, 123-145, esp. 134.

四、約雅斤被釋出獄（五十二31-34）

第五十二章卅一至卅四節　「猶大王約雅斤被擄後三十七年，巴比倫王以未米羅達元年，十二月二十五日，使猶大王約雅斤指抬頭，提他出監又對他說恩言，使他的位高過與他一同在巴比倫眾王的位。給他服了囚服，他終身在巴比倫王面前吃飯。巴比倫王賜他所需用的食物，日日賜他一分，終身是這樣，直到他死的日子。」

以未米羅達，為尼布甲尼撒之子，繼承他作王。他的名字原意為馬杜克之子（根據亞甲文Amil-Marduk），馬杜克是巴比倫的神明。他只作王兩年，由他姐夫接續，那人名為尼甲沙利薛（卅九3）。他給予約雅斤特赦，提他出獄，使他抬頭，就是恢復他的聲望（參創四十13）。

約雅斤的地位高過與他一同在巴比倫眾王的位，誰是那些王呢？他們也是被擄的，晗沒有說明他們的國族。約雅斤終身在巴比倫王面前吃飯，是在以未米羅達王兩年的時間，還是也包括尼甲沙利薛王？他的一生所經歷的不僅只這兩位王，他的生命比他們更長久。

兩次提到終身，他不再在苦難之中，他的食物有固定的日常的供給，表明他沒有缺乏，在物質方面也甚豐富。他能經得起囚禁的困苦生活，也能在釋放之後，繼續適應異地的環境。

本章作為本書的附錄，是一個較為樂觀的結語。被擄的君王終於被釋。在巴比倫的猶大被擄者的前景也轉好。尼布甲尼撒王死後，情形一定會好轉。第九節尼布甲尼撒審判西底家，卅二節以未米羅達對約雅斤說恩言，這兩節就成了很尖銳的對比。這裏也顯示應有的均衡，反映出這兩個猶大末期君王，一個處於劣勢，一個得到較佳的待遇，兩者取得了平衡。所以本書的結語是佳況，給予安慰與鼓勵。

約雅斤被釋，給予另一種希望，就是大却家的復興，這是列王紀十分注意的君王神學。耶和華既應許大却家永久的王位，這應許必然實現。約雅斤這位大却家的後嗣仍然活凓，而且生活得甚好。耶和華的應許沒有落實，⁵³¹在指望中可以釋然了。

關於西底家的命運怎樣呢？本書沒有交代。耶利米的信息，主要在於耶路撒冷的敗亡以及西底家王的滅亡（卅八17、18）。所以末朝君王的逝去，成為本書的結束。在這附錄，耶利米不再出現，他到埃及之後的動態，也沒有提說。神的工人會過去，神的工作不會過去，祂的話語必永遠長存。

⁵³¹ J.D. Levenson, "The Last Four Verses of Kings", Journal of Biblical Literature, 103 (1984) 153-161.

參考書目

I. Commentaries 註釋{\LinkToBook:TopicID=346,Name=I. Commentaries 註釋}

II. Books and Articles 書刊及短文{\LinkToBook:TopicID=347,Name=II. Books and Articles 書刊及短文}

I. Commentaries 註釋

Blayney, B. Jeremiah and Lamentations: a new Translation with Notes, critical, philological and explanatory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1784.

Bright, J. Jeremiah: A New Translation, with Introduction and Commentary, (Anchor Bible 21). Garden City: Doubleday ＆ Company, 1965.

Condamin, A. Le Livre de Je*re*mie: Traduction et Commentaire (E*tudes Bibliques). Paris: J. Gadalda et Cie, 1936.

Cornill, C.H. Das Buch Jeremia. Leipzig: Chr. Herm, Tauchnitz, 1905.

Cunliffe-Jones, H. The Book of Jeremiah: Introduction and Commentary, (The Torch Bible Commentaries). London: SCM Press, 1960.

Driver, S.R. The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah. London: Hodder ＆ Stoughton, 1906.

Duhm, B. Das Buch Jeremia (Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament XI). Tu/bingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1901.

Feinberg, C.L. Jeremiah: A Commentary. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1982.

Freedman, H. Jeremiah: Hebrew Text and English Translation with an Introduction and Commentary (Soncino Books of the Bible). New York: The Soncino Press, 1949.

Freehof, S.B. Book of Jeremiah: A Commentary (The Jewish Commentary for Bible Readers). New York: Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 1977.

Giesebrecht, F. Das Buch Jeremia (Handkommentar zum Alten Testament III, 2.1). Go/ttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1894.

Harrison, R.K. Jeremiah and Lamentations: An Introduction and Commentary (Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries). London: The Tyndale Press, 1973.

Hitzig, F. Der Prophet Jeremia (Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zum Alten Testament). Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1866.

Holladay, William L. Jeremiah 1: A Commentary on the Book of the Prophet Jeremiah Chapters 1-25 (Hermeneia-A Critical and Historical Commentary on the Bible). Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1986.

Hyatt, J.P. "The Book of Jeremiah: Introduction and Exegesis", The Interpreter's Bible V, 775-1142, Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1956.

McKane, William. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Jeremiah (The International Critical Commentary). Edinburgh: T. ＆ T. Clark, 1986.

Leslie, E.A. Jeremiah: Chronologically arranged, translated. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1954.

Nicholson, E.W. The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah (The Cambridge Bible Commentary: New English Bible). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

No/tscher, F. Das Buch Jeremias(Die Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments 7:2). Bonn: Peter Hanstein Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1934.

Peake, A.S. Jeremiah and Lamentations: I Jeremiah I-XXIV (The Century Bible). London: T.C. and E.C. Jack, 1910.

Rothstein, J.W. "Das Buch Jeremia", Die Heitige Schrift des Alten Testaments I, 671-813, ed. E. Kautzsch. Tu/bingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1909.

Rudolph, W. Jeremia (Handbuch zem Alten Testaments I, 12). Tu/bingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1968.

Thompson, J.A. The Book of Jeremiah (The New International Commentary on the Old Testament). Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1980.

Volz, P. Der Prophet Jeremiah (Kommentar zum Alten Testaments X). Leipzig: Deichertsche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1922.

Weiser, A. Das Buch des Propheten Jeremia (Das Alten Testaments Duetsch: Neues Gottinger Bibelwerk 20/21). Go/ttinger: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1960.

II. Books and Articles 書刊及短文

Aberbach, D. "'w ~tn lhm y~brwm (Jeremiah viii 13): The Problem and its Solution", Vetus Testamentum 27 (1977) 99-101.

Ackroyd, P.R. "Two Old Testament Historical Problems of the Early Persian Period", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17 (1958), 13-27.

---."Jeremiah X 1-16", Journal of Theological Studies 14 (1963), 385-390.

---.Exile and Restoration: A Study of Hebrew Thought of the Sixth Century B.C. (Old Testament Library). London: SCM Press, 1968.

---."Historians and Prophets", Svensk Exegetisk A>rsbok 33 (1968), 18-54.

---."Historical Problems of the Early Achaemenian Period", Orientalia 20 (1984), 1-15.

Albertz, R. "Jer. 2-6 und die Fru/hzeitverku/ndigung Jeremias", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 94 (1982), 20-47.

Alonso Schokel, L. "Jeremias como anti-Moise*s", De la To^rah au Messie: E*tudes d~exe*ge&se et d~hermeneitique, bibliques offertes a& Henri Cazelles pour ses 25 anne*es d~enseignement a& 1~Institut Catholique de Paris (Octobre 1979), ed. M. Carrez, J. Dore* and P. Grelot. Paris: Descle*e, 245-254.

Althann, R. "Jeremiah IV 11-12: Stichometry Parallelism and Translation", Vetus Testamentum 28 (1978), 385-391.

Andrew, M.E. "The Authorship of Jer. X 1-16", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 94 (1982), 127-130.

Baumgartner, W. Die Klagegedicht des Jeremia (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 32) Giessen: Topelmann, 1917.

Berridge, J.M. Prophet, People, and the Word of Yahweh: An Examination of Form and Content in the Proclamation of the Prophet Jeremiah (Basel Studies of Theology 4). Zurich: EVZ, 1970.

---."Jeremia und die Prophetie des Amos", Theologische Zeitshcrift 35 (1979), 321-341.

Beuken, W.A.M. and van Grol, H.W.M. "Jeremiah 14, 1-15, 9: A Situation of Distress and Its Hermeneutics, Unity and Diversity of Form - Dramatic Development", Le Livre de Je*re*mie, Le prophete et son milieu, Les oracles et leur transmission, ed. Pierre Maurice Bogaert. Leuven: Leuven University, 1981, 297-342.

Blank, S.H. Jeremiah: Man and Prophet. Cincinati: Hebrew Union College Press, 1961.

Bright, J. "The Date of the Prose Sermons of Jeremiah", Journal of Biblical Literature 70 (1951), 15-35.

---."The Apodictic Prohibition: Some Observations", Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (1973), 185-204.

---."A Prophet's Lament and Its Answer: Jeremiah 15: 10-21", Interpretation 28 (1974), 59-74.

Broughton, P.E. "The Call of Jeremiah: The Relation of Deut. 18:9-22 to the Call and Life of Jeremiah", Australian Bible Review 6 (1958), 37-46.

Brueggemann, W. "Jeremiah's Use of Rhetorical Questions", Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (1973), 358-374.

---."The Epistemological Crisis of Israel's Two Histories (Jer. 9:22-23)", Israelite Wisdom: Theological and Literary Essays in Honor of Samuel Terrien, ed. J.G. Gammie and others. Missoula: Scholars Press, 1978, 85-105.

Calkins, R. Jeremiah the Prophet: A Study in Personal Religion. New York: Macmillan, 1930.

Carroll, R.P. From Chaos to Covenant: Uses of Prophecy in the Book of Jeremiah. London: SCM Press, 1981.

---."Theodicy and the Community: The Text and Subtext of Jeremiah V 1-6", Prophets, Worship and Theodicy (Oudtestamentische Studien xxiii, 1984), 19-38.

Castellino, Giorgio R. "Observations on the literary structure of some passages in Jeremiah", Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980). 398-408.

Cazelles, H. "Sophonie, Je*re*mie, et les Scythes en Palestine", Revue Biblique 74 (1967), 24-44.

Childs, B.S. "The Enemy from the North and the Chaos Tradition", Journal of Biblical Literature 78 (1959), 187-198.

Christensen, D.L. "'Terror on every side' in Jeremiah", Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (1973), 498-502.

Clines, D.J.A. and Gunn, D. "Form, Occasion and Redaction in Jeremiah 20", "Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 88 (1976), 390-409.

Cogan, M. "Sentencing at the Gate in Jeremiah 1:15-16", Gratz College Annual 1 (1972), 3-6.

Crenshaw, J.L. "A Living Tradition: The Book of Jeremiah in Current Research", Interpretation 37 (1983), 117-129.

---."Seduction and Rape: The Confessions of Jeremiah", A Whirlpool of Torment: Israelite Traditions of God as an Oppressive Presence (Overtures to Biblical Theology 12). Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984, 31-56.

Dahood, M. "Two Textual Problems in Jeremiah", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 23 (1961), 462-464.

---."Philological Notes on Jeremiah 18:14-15", "Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 74 (1962), 207-209.

---."The emphatic double negative m~yn in Jeremiah 10:6-7", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 37 (1975), 458-459.

---.Psalms 1-50: 51-100; 101-150 (Anchor Bible 16, 17, 17A). Garden City: Doubleday, 1966, 1968, 1970.

Day, J. "The Destruction of the Shiloh Sanctuary and Jer. VII 12, 14", Studies in the Historical Books of the Old Testament (Supplement to Vetus Testamentum 30), ed. J.A. Emerton. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1979, 87-94.

DeRoche, M. "Contra creation, Covenant and Conquest (Jer. VIII 13)", Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980), 280-290.

Driver, G.R. "Linguistic and Textual Problems: Jeremiah", Jewish Quarterly Review 28 (1937/38), 97-129.

Ellison, H.L."The Prophecy of Jeremiah IX: The sin of Jerusalem", The Evangelical Quarterly 33 (1961), 27-35.

Emerton, J.A. "Notes on Some Problems in Jeremiah V 26", Melanges bibliques et orientaux en l~honneur de M. Henri Cazelles (Alter Orient and Ales Testament 212), ed. A. Caquot and M. Delcor. Berlin: Neukirchener Verlag, 1981), 125-133.

Eppstein, V. "The Day of Yahweh in Jeremiah 4, 23-28", Journal of Biblical Literature 87 (1968), 93-97.

Fishbane, M. "Jeremiah IV 23-26 and Job III 3-13: A Recovered Use of the Creation Pattern", Vetus Testamentum 21 (1971), 151-167.

---."Jeremiah 20:7-12/Loneliness and Anguish", Text and Texture: Close Readings of Selected Biblical Texts. London: Schocken Books, 1979, 91-102.

Fohrer, G. "Jeremias Tempelwort (Jeremia 7:1-15)", "Prophetie und Magie", Studien zur altterstamentlichen Prophetie (1949-1965) (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 99). Giessen: Topelmann 1967.

Gaster, T.H. "Jeremiah", Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament: A Comparative Study with Chapters from Sir James G. Frazer's Folklore in the Old Testament. London: Duckworth, 1969, 586-606.

Gerstenberger, E. "Jeremiah's Complaints: Observations on Jeremiah 15:10-21", Journal of Biblical Literature 82 (1963), 393-408.

Gilula, M. "An Egyptian Parallel to Jeremiah I 4-5", Vetus Testamentum 17 (1967), 114.

Gouders, K. "'Siehe, ich lege meine Worte in deinen Mund', Die Berufung des Propheten Jeremia (Jer. 1, 4-10)", Bibel und Leben 12 (1971), 162-186.

Gunneweg, A.H.J. "Ordinationasformular oder Berufungsbericht in Jeremia 1", Galube, Geist, Geschichte: Festscrift fur Ernest Benz zum 60 Geburtstage am 17, November 1967, ed. G. Muller and W.W. Zeller. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1967, 91-98.

Gunneweg, A.H.J. "Konfession oder Interpretation im Jeremiabuch", Zeitschrift fu/r Theologie und Kirche 67 (1970), 395-416.

Habel, N. "The Form and Significance of the Call Narratives", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 77 (1965), 297-323.

Harris, S.L. "The Second Vision of Jeremiah: Jer. 1:13-15", Journal of Biblical Literature 102 (1983), 281-282.

Hobbs, T.R. "Some Remarks on the Composition and Structure of the Book of Jeremiah", Catholic Biblical Quarterly 34 (1972), 257-275.

---."Jeremiah 3:1-5 and Deuteronomy 24:1-4", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 86 (1974) 23-29.

---."Some Proverbial Reflections in the Book of Jeremiah", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 91 (1979), 62-72.

Holladay, W.L. "Prototype and Copies: A New Approach to the Poetry-Prose Problem in the Book of Jeremiah", Journal of Biblical Literature 79 (1960), 351-367.

---."On Every High Hill and Under Every Green Tree", Vetus Testamentum 11 (1961), 170-176.

---."The so-called 'Deuteronomic Goss' in Jer. 8:196", Vetus Testamentum 12 (1962), 494-498.

---."Style, Irony, and Authenticity in Jeremiah", Journal of Biblical Literature 81 (1962), 44-54.

---."Jeremiah's Lawsuit with God: A Study in Suffering and Meaning", Interpretation 17 (1963), 280-301.

---."The Background of Jeremiah's Self-Understanding: Moses, Samuel and Psalm 22", Journal of Biblical Literature 83 (1964), 153-164.

---."'The priests scrape out on their hands', Jeremiah V 31", Vetus Testamentum 15 (1965), 111-113.

---."Jeremiah and Moses: Further Observations", Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (1966), 17-27.

---.Holladay, W.L. The Architecture of Jeremiah 1-20. Lewisburg, Pa.: Bucknell University, 1976.

---."Structure, Syntax and Meaning in Jeremiah IV 11-12A", Vetus Testamentum 26 (1976), 28-32.

---."The Identification of the Two Scrolls of Jeremiah", Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980), 452-467.

---."The Years of Jeremiah's Preaching", Interpretation 37 (1983), 146-159.

Hopper, S.R. "The Book of Jeremiah: Exposition", The Interpreter's Bible 5 (1956), 794-1142.

Hubmann, F.D. Untersuchungen zu den Konfessionen Jer. 11, 18-12, 6 und Jer. 15, 10-21 (Forschung zur Bibel 30). Wurburg: Wurzburg: Echter Verlag, 1978.

---."Jer. 18, 18-23 in Zusammenhang der Kongessionen", Bogaert 1981, 271-96.

Hyatt, J.P. "The Original Text of Jeremiah 11, 15-16", Journal of Biblical Literature 60 (1941), 57-60.

---."Jeremiah and Deuteronomy", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 1 (1942), 156-173.

Isbell, C.D. and Jackson, M. "Rhetorical Criticism and Jeremiah VII 1-VIII 3", Vetus Testamentum 30 (1980), 20-26.

Ittmann, N. Das Konfessionen Jeremias: Ihre Bedeutung fur die Verkundigung des Propheten (Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen Testament 54). Leipzig: Neukirchener Verlag, 1981.

Janzen, J.G. Studies in the Text of Jeremiah (Harvard Semitic Monographs Series 6). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973.

Jobling, D.K. "Jeremiah's Poem in III 1-IV 2", Vetus Testamentum 28 (1978), 45-55.

---."The Quest of the Historical Jeremiah: Hermeneutical Implications of Recent Literature", Unions Seminary Quarterly Review 34 (1978), 3-12.

Johnson, A.R. The Vitality of the Individual in the Thought of Ancient Israel. Cardiff: University of Wales, 1949.

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---.Worship in Israel: A Cultic History of the Old Testament. Basil: Blackwell, 1966.

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---."Weisheitsspruch und Prophetenwort: Zur Traditionsgeschichte des Spruches Jer. 9:22-23", Biblische Zeitschrift 25 (1981), 161-179.

Langkammer, H. "Der ubernaturliche Charakter des Berufungserlebnisses des Propheten Jeremias: Ein Beitrag zu den Erkla/rungen der Prophetenekstaste", Freiburger Zeitschrift fu/r Philosophie und Theologie 12 (1965), 426-438.

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---."Wisdom in the Old Testament Prophets", Wisdom in Israel and in the Ancient Near East Presented to Professor Harold Henry Rowley by the Society for Old Testament Study in Association with the Editorial Board of Vetus Testamentum, ed. Martin Noth and D. Winton Thomas (Supplement to Vetus Testamentum 3). Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1955, 192-204.

Long, B.O. "The Stylistic Components of Jeremiah 3, 1-5", Zeitschrift fu/r die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 88 (1976), 386-390.

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---.Prophets and Wise Men (Series in Biblical Theology 44). London: SCM Press, 1965.

---."Jeremiah II 23-25: Observations on the Versions and History of Exegesis", Oudtestamentliche Studien XVII, (1972), 73-88.

---."Jeremiah 13:12-14: A Problematic Proverb", Israelite Wisdom (Festschrift for Samauel Terrien), 1978, 107-119.

---."Relations Between Poetry and Prose in the Book of Jeremiah with Special Reference to Jeremiah III 6-11 and II 14-17", Congress Volume: Vienna 1980 (Supplement to Vetus Testamentum 32), ed. J.A. Emerton Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981, 220-237.

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